Participation In International Organizations Research Articles

Mining and Teaching Practice of Ideological and Political Course Elements Based on Text Extraction and Knowledge Graph

With the rapid development of the country’s economy, politics, and culture, China has swiftly ascended to the ranks of global powers. Its participation in international organizations, including the WTO, has significantly bolstered its global standing and diplomatic ties, making it an indispensable player in international politics. Meanwhile, domestically, China has implemented numerous initiatives aimed at improving the lives of its citizens, such as anti-corruption campaigns, efforts to uphold integrity, crackdowns on criminal organizations, and poverty alleviation programs. As a result, the well-being of the populace has seen a steady increase. Furthermore, China has embarked on a new era of education characterized by its unique attributes, with civic education platforms experiencing comprehensive development. This paper examines these developments through text and knowledge mapping, assessing the efficacy of this approach within the framework of course ideology and politics.

Indigenous peoples at the heritage–climate change nexus: Examining the effectiveness of UNESCO and the IPCC’s boundary work

Abstract There is increasing recognition that Indigenous knowledges have considerable potential to enhance collective understandings of and improve responses to complex ecological threats, such as those to cultural heritage from climate change. At the same time, it appears that Indigenous peoples face structural barriers to participation in international organisations that advance knowledge about those problems. Using the conceptual framework of boundary organisations (BOs) theory and case studies of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and UNESCO, I argue that the lack of meaningful Indigenous engagement in international knowledge institutions is not just an ethical problem; it also undermines the effectiveness of their assessments. The future success of their boundary work partly depends on further engagement with Indigenous stakeholders. At least at the heritage–climate change nexus, the salience, legitimacy, and credibility of IPCC and UNESCO assessments require substantive Indigenous representation alongside other state/non-state parties. Successful experiences in biodiversity governance indicate that incorporating the principles of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) would enhance Indigenous engagement in UNESCO and the IPCC.

Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict on the International Situation in Russia

The complex Russo-Ukrainian conflict, rooted in historical, political, and territorial contentions, has far-reaching implications that extend beyond regional boundaries. This ongoing conflict has fundamentally reshaped Russia's global stance through its multifaceted impact on Western relations, economic repercussions, security recalibrations, and strategic use of propaganda. In navigating a way forward, diplomatic negotiations, leveraging multilateral forums, and addressing core grievances emerge as promising avenues. Diplomacy, facilitated by impartial mediators, emerges as a pivotal instrument for mutual comprehension and conflict resolution. Embracing multilateralism and active participation in international organizations not only fosters open dialogues but also facilitates collaborative solutions. An essential component of lasting tranquility involves addressing underlying issues, encompassing concerns over minority rights and disputed territories. Successfully resolving these foundational matters holds the potential to restore Russia's credibility, cultivate cross-border collaboration, and bolster the stability of the region. By embracing productive diplomatic initiatives, Russia can look forward to fortifying its global relations, fostering economic progress, and strengthening the foundations of international security. In the midst of these challenges, the quest for peaceful resolutions underscores the potential for broader international cooperation, ultimately contributing to a more stable and prosperous global landscape.

International cooperation of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine with the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) in countering the challenges of transnational crime and conducting international search for criminals

The article is devoted to the issues of international cooperation of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine with the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) to intensify actions aimed strengthening security at own borders, counteracting the challenges of transnational crime and conducting international search for criminals with the help of existing international organizations.
 It is emphasized that Ukraine’s participation in international organizations is an integral part of the state’s foreign policy, which makes it possible to cope with all the negative phenomena and problems that Ukraine is facing in this difficult time.
 The author examines the historical aspects of the establishment and further development of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex).
 The author analyzes the role of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) in the process of international search for criminals, which is conducted jointly with law enforcement agencies of Ukraine, since the organization provides assistance in searching for criminals using its powerful technical and resource potential.
 Attention is paid to the aims and objectives of the international organization, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) tointensify actions related to strengthening security at own borders and counteracting the challenges of transnational crime.
 The author analyzes the EUROSUR communication channel used by Frontex as a system for exchanging information on the situation on European borders and in the border area.
 The author also discusses the issues of cooperation between law enforcement agencies of Ukraine and the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), which includes assistance in sharing experience and previously acquired skills to overcome negative trends occurring at the borders of Ukraine, to strengthen its own security, to counteract the challenges of cross-border crime and to support national authorities in identifying persons on the international wanted list, which is extremely necessary in such a difficult time.

Legal basis and international standards for ensuring the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons by local government bodies

The article is devoted to researching the legal foundations and international standards of ensuring the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons by local self-government bodies. The article draws attention to the fact that the relevance of the study of international legislation regarding the status of internally displaced persons is determined by the degree of analysis of international legal acts related to the protection of internally displaced persons and the procedure for their reception and accommodation by local self-government bodies, as well as the identification of interesting positions on the determination of the status of internally displaced persons persons in some foreign countries with the possibility of their introduction into national legislative practice. It is concluded that due to the rapid spread of forced internal displacement around the world, the million number of internally displaced persons in Ukraine, the need to create a single international document, for example, the UN Convention on the Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced Persons, is ripe. Attention is drawn to the fact that Ukraine can initiate the creation of such a document, since it is at the center of problems related to mass internal displacement of persons and is actively considering ways to solve them, including the creation of a special legislative framework and the provision of legal and social guarantees. The article emphasizes that in order to effectively solve these issues, it is necessary to hold joint discussions with the participation of international organizations and state authorities, local self-governments and public organizations of Ukraine, which are involved in this process. Decisions related to the improvement of the legal regulation of ensuring the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons should be made taking into account international standards for the protection of human rights and norms of international humanitarian law, as well as taking into account the national experience and the experience of other countries regarding the activities of local authorities in this sphere.

The Problem of State Sovereignty in the Context of Deglobalization

The relevance of the research topic is due to the inconsistency of globalist and deglobalist trends in the modern world and their influence on the sovereignty of state actors.The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of deglobalization on state sovereignty.Objectives of the study: the study of strengthening the sovereignty of the state at the economic, political and cultural levels.Methodology. In the course of writing the article, the method of system analysis was used to study the problems of sovereign powers of state actors. General scientific research methods were applied in the work. Statistical and regulatory sources were used for the validity of the study.Results. The problems of the phenomenon of state sovereignty at the level of deglobalist tendencies are revealed; the zones in which state sovereignty is being strengthened are identified (trade wars; import substitution policy; isolationist approach; legislative decisions, solving global problems, participation in international organizations).Conclusion. The process of strengthening State sovereignty in the context of the deglobalization of the international community is objective. The expansion of the sovereign powers of the state is associated with an increase in the number of global problems. Challenges and threats of the international community force countries to make collective decisions that limit the State's own national interests. Therefore, state actors are forced to follow the path of isolationism and rejection of communitarian measures in developing solutions to mitigate global risks. At the political level, sovereignty is strengthened at the level of participation in multilateral formats and solving global problems. The strengthening of sovereignty in the economic sphere is determined by the state of the world economy. The presence of a global economic crisis pushes countries to apply the policy of trade wars, protectionism, sanctions mechanism and import substitution. The problem of expanding sovereign powers at the level of the cultural sphere is associated with uncontrolled migration flows. In this case, there is an increase in conflicts along the lines of national identity.  

Participation in international organizations: An analysis of the experience of business and workers in Mercosur (1995-2019)

O artigo analisa a participação de atores sociais no Subgrupo de Trabalho nº 10 sobre Assuntos Laborais, Emprego e Seguridade Social do Mercosul (SGT 10), no período de 1995 a 2019, em duas etapas: na primeira delas, procurou-se analisar o conjunto de atores sociais dos quatro Estados-Partes fundadores do Mercosul; na segunda, a abordagem concentrou-se em quatro atores sociais dos dois principais Estados-Partes do Mercosul (Argentina e Brasil). Esses atores representam trabalhadores e empresários. A pesquisa utilizou análise documental e de conteúdo e estatística descritiva. No artigo, foi possível constatar que: (i) houve redução da participação dos atores sociais no SGT 10 no período analisado; e (ii) a agenda do SGT 10 mostrou-se permeável aos interesses dos quatro atores sociais selecionados quando se analisam as decisões aprovadas dentro desse subgrupo.

Non-State Participation in International Organizations 1998–2017: Introducing a New Dataset

Abstract In recent decades, one of the most prominent trends in global governance has been the increasing openness of international organizations (IOs) toward non-state actors (NSAs). As participants in the policymaking bodies of IOs, NSAs have become important actors in global governance, providing policy-relevant information to decision makers, representing constituency interests, and ultimately, influencing policies. Yet to date, we have little systematic comparative knowledge about the NSAs that participate in IO bodies. This article introduces the Non-State Participation in International Organizations (N-PINION) dataset, which maps NSA participant populations across eighty one policymaking bodies in twenty four global IOs between 1998 and 2017. The dataset provides indicators on the density, diversity, and volatility of NSA populations, available yearly across IO bodies. These indicators provide potential dependent and independent variables for scholars interested in a wide variety of research questions relating to the drivers, consequences, and normative merits of NSA participation in IOs.

Improvement of mechanisms of formation and implementation the state export policy in Ukraine

It was assessment the prospects for the application of an export-oriented growth strategy in Ukraine as the basis of the economic growth strategy based on the analysis of foreign practices and achieved economic results. It has been established that the effectiveness of the implementation of the export-oriented growth strategy in our country will be successful only with the active introduction of innovative technologies in the production of goods and services due to the inflow of direct foreign investments in export-oriented sectors of the economy. The draft plan of measures for the post-war recovery and development of Ukraine was analyzed. A number of measures necessary for the implementation of the export-oriented growth strategy were identified. The institutional, financial and resource support of export activity are analyzed. It has been established that the existing network of trade support institutions in Ukraine is not able to fully ensure the proper level of effective support for Ukrainian exporters on international markets. Furthermore, the mechanism of interaction and cooperation of state export support institutions, in particular the International Trade Council under the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, with other institutions in the field of international trade and enterprises of the real sector of the economy is imperfect. It was noted that the realization of export entrepreneurial potential in Ukraine is held back today not only by global factors (pandemic, war etc.), but also by internal obstacles, among which, in particular, the absence of a strategic document in the export activity of the state - the Export Strategy of Ukraine, which would cover the main principles of export policy implementation during the war and during the post-war recovery period. It has been argued the necessity to updating and actualization the Export Strategy of Ukraine, which will determine the main directions of development of Ukraine's international trade and support of export-oriented enterprises, especially small and medium-sized businesses, taking into account new challenges and prospects. It was noted that state and non-state, including with the participation of international organizations, financial and non-financial support of export activities are important tools for financial and resource support of domestic exports today. It has been argued the necessity of introducing a mechanism of insurance of investments of domestic and foreign investors against military risks in Ukraine. Measures to increase the effectiveness of the consultative and advisory activities of the International Trade Council and the financial capacity of domestic exporters, including with the participation of the Export Credit Agency, was proposed.

Documents on Russia's Exclusion from Council Eur. & U.N.H.R.C.

In the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, states have deployed an array of tools aimed at isolating and weakening Russia, and supporting Ukraine, while avoiding direct involvement in the hostilities. These measures have included sanctions, export and import restrictions, visa bans, exclusion of Russian aircraft from states' airspace, seizure of oligarchs' property, and the provision of weapons and aid to Ukraine. Many states have also worked to terminate or suspend Russia's membership or participation in international organizations. In light of Russia's aggression and widely publicized reports of human rights atrocities, its early exclusions from two key human rights institutions—the Council of Europe (CoE) and the UN Human Rights Council (HRC)—were seen as important symbolic reaffirmations of the rules-based international order.

Legal Regulation of Marriage Relations with Foreign Citizens (on the Example of Vietnam)

The article discusses, first of all, some features of the Vietnamese legislation concerning marriages with foreign citizens and issues of citizenship. The problem of forced and fictitious marriages is also touched upon.Aim. Identification of specifics of the Vietnamese legislation on marriage and family and some topical problems in the field of mixed marriages.Tasks. Analysis of main provisions of the Law on Marriage and Family of Vietnam, the role of international treaties in this sphere, comparison of the situation with fictitious marriages in Vietnam and the Russian Federation.Methods. Comparative legal analysis of the norms of international private law in the field of marriage and family relations, description of the approaches of Vietnamese legislation to limping marriages and remission, as well as analysis of judicial practice in relation to fictitious marriages of Vietnamese citizens in the Russian Federation.Results. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Russian Federation, representing different regions of the world and legal systems, have similar problems in the field of marriage and family relations involving foreign elements, which in Vietnam are exacerbated by social problems and weak protection of the rights of women and girls.Conclusion. The case of Vietnam demonstrates the conclusion of bilateral agreements and of universal conventions enhance eliminating the problem of conflict of law (limping marriages), while participation in international organizations improves the socio-economic situation of the population and develop mechanisms for protecting human rights in the field of marriage and family relations.

The Power of Diplomatic Access: International Organizations in the Diplomatic Capacity Index

There is little empirical consensus about why and how countries cooperate through international legal regimes and agree to the rules, standards, and norms of international conduct. Theoretically, states join and lead international organizations to overcome collective action problems, develop relations with other members, or represent their interests on the international stage. Applying our original concept of "diplomatic access," a component of the Diplomatic Capacity Index (DCI) still under development, we investigate a variety of states' participation in international organizations to illuminate how states choose to channel their political, economic, and security diplomatic capacity in order to advance their interests. This paper presents the concept of diplomatic access and unites findings from the index with recent and historical developments to draw profiles of how Egypt, India, and Brazil use international regimes and organizations to enhance their diplomacy.

DEMOCRATIC PEACE THEORY FOR RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR ANALYSIS

The question remains pertinent if the concept of democratic peace is viable for political agenda and international relations system of the 21st c. One can witness both successful and questionable examples of democratic peace theory implementation, yet it is apparent that transition to democracy is not always an unproblematic and consistent process. The goal of the article is to analyze the viability of the democratic peace theory for Russia-Ukraine war analysis. The selected method is historical analysis of the democratic peace theory advancement, Ukraine’s and Russia’s political development, economic cooperation and participation in international organizations. Besides, secondary data analysis was employed for the research purposes. It can be concluded that democratic peace theory hardly appears to be a viable framework for Russia-Ukraine war analysis. As to the first tenet of the democratic peace theory – republican institutions – both Ukraine and Russia are republics, and strictly formally fulfill this criterion, yet Russia’s being a democracy de facto has proven to be erroneous. Regarding the second tenet of the democratic peace theory – economic interdependence (universal community) – prior to the start of the war in 2014 one could witness a considerable, yet declining level of economic cooperation between Ukraine and Russia, complicated by asymmetrical relationship between the two states. Even though, in accordance with the theory tenet, considerable economic cooperation should have prevented Russian aggression against Ukraine as a trading partner, the initiated war can, apparently, be explained by political and security perceptions which outweighed purely economic factors. Regarding the third tenet of the democratic peace theory, one can witness a certain level of cooperation between Ukraine and Russia within international organizations, yet fundamental ideological differences between the two countries are vividly reflected in this sector. It can be concluded that the democratic peace theory is hardly applicable for Russia-Ukraine war analysis, and the reasons of the ongoing war can be explained by current Ukraine’s standing as democracy in transit and Russia’s becoming a consolidated authoritarian regime. Thereby Ukraine is now spearheading a fight for democracy worldwide, while democracy development in Russia is further deteriorating.

ЗОВНІШНЯ ПОЛІТИКА КАНАДИ НА СУЧАСНОМУ ЕТАПІ: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ З КЛЮЧОВИМИ ПАРТНЕРАМИ

Ключові слова: Канада, зовнішня політика, США, Велика Британія, Мексика, СUSMA. The article is devoted to the comprehensive research of foreign policy of Canada at the modern stage. The article is aimed to research and analyze the peculiarities of the realization of foreign policy of Canada. In this article, the authors consider the main features of Canada’s foreign policy at the current stage, taking into account new reality. The authors focus on the main aspects of Canada’s foreign policy, namely the explanation of the concept of the “middle power”, usage of “soft power”, and relations with the United States, Mexico, and Great Britain. Canada-US relations as one of the most prominent are analyzed from the economic and security points of view. It is shown that these two countries maintain close relations in these spheres through the system of bilateral agreements and partnerships. Also, Canada and the USA have a special security program, aimed at the protection of aerospace territory. CanadaUK relations are characterized as constantly developing. Canada-Mexico relations are based on both bilateral and multilateral agreements, such as CUSMA, and bilateral agreements. Cooperation with Mexico plays an important role in Canadian foreign politics. In relations with the United States and Mexico, CUSMA (Canada-United StatesMexico) agreement plays an important role, which forms the basis of economic relations between these countries at the current stage. In relations with Great Britain, the Agreement on Continuity of Trade between Canada and Great Britain plays an important role. Canada’s interaction with mentioned countries in international agreements and joint projects is also highlighted in the article. Particular attention is paid to Canada’s participation in international organizations, namely NATO and the United Nations, and Canada's role in the activities of these organizations. As an active member of both these international organizations, Canada is actively involved in special activities devoted to helping those countries, that are suffering due to different reasons, or promoting ideas of peace and stability in regions, that are in or after the conflict period.

МЕДИКО-СОЦІАЛЬНІ АСПЕКТИ ПІДТРИМКИ УКРАЇНИ МІЖНАРОДНИМ СПІВТОВАРИСТВОМ НА ТЛІ ЗБРОЙНОЇ АГРЕСІЇ РОСІЇ

The article analyzes the medical and social aspects of international aid to Ukraine in conditions of Russia's armed aggression. The urgency of the problem is due to the need to highlight the most urgent areas of interaction between international governmental and non-governmental medical and social organizations and representatives of the Ukrainian medical community, taking into account the most urgent problems in the field of health care in the conditions of a full-scale war. The extremely difficult humanitarian situation in Ukraine is emphasized, especially regarding medical assistance to children. The modern capabilities and algorithm of medical evacuation of wounded servicemen and civilian victims of war for treatment and rehabilitation to European countries, Canada, the USA and the role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in their organization are disclosed. The high effectiveness of the current humanitarian and medical initiatives of the Canada-Ukraine Foundation, in particular the International program #HelpUkraineNow; The Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal program; medical and educational program of the Canada Ukraine Surgical Aid Program (CUSAP) and the "Help Displaced Ukrainians in Canada" Appeal. Other international medical programs are briefly described. The author revealed the peculiarities of assistance to refugees and temporarily displaced persons from Ukraine in various European countries, as well as Canada, the USA. The article notes the importance of organizing rehabilitation measures for wounded servicemen and civilians at the state level both with the participation of international organizations and within Ukraine. It was emphasized the need to develop domestic medical programs, taking into account the large number of wounded people who need long-term treatment. The article focuses on the modern problems and challenges regarding international medical and social cooperation against the background of Russia's armed aggression.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN THE REGION

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of integration processes and their practical testing. One of the most important areas for im-proving the efficiency of production and the country's economy is the development of foreign eco-nomic activity in the region. The activities of the foreign trade operations on the regional level implies economic benefits in the future. Establishing international business relations is necessary in order to increase the volume of exports, and as a result, companies receive more profit. State participation in the development of foreign economic activity in the region is to create favorable conditions for its development at the national (system of support and regulation of foreign eco-nomic activity) and interstate (in the framework of cooperation with foreign countries and partic-ipation in international organizations and forums) levels.

Knowledge Transaction and State Making from Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic

This article proposes a reflection and avenues for research on Ottoman state policies aimed at collecting, producing, and translating knowledge across borders and learning from other macro-actors. Based on an archival study, we present and discuss a typology of knowledge “transaction” policies considering also the transition to the Turkish Republic. Our analysis covers the transformation of Ottoman diplomacy and diplomatic missions, the employment of foreign experts and international expertise, public officials’ training and studies abroad, scholarship programs, and various forms of international cooperation, including participation in international organisations and conferences. We discuss state formation in Ottoman and Republican Turkey as a hybridisation process of government technologies, techniques and knowledge translated from other states. The study focuses on public action aimed at the incorporation of governmental knowledge within the framework of continuous state-building and power struggles which were increasingly marked by the (contested) hegemony of a certain "West” and its ambiguities.

Russia`s Participation in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

INTRODUCTION. The article examines problematic issues of Russia’s participation in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. According to the authors, the form of Russia’s participation in the Convention, associated with membership in the council of Europe, is unacceptable for its sovereignty. When ratifying the Convention, the degree of objectivity and impartiality of the ECHR in relation to the Russian Federation and the properties of the legal norms of the Convention were not taken into account.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The materials for the research are international agreements, resolutions of international organizations, decisions of the ECHR and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federa- tion, as well as doctrinal sources on the topic. The methodological basis of the article was formed by general scientific and special research methods. The article critically analyzes the arguments in favor of Russia’s participation in the European Convention and examines the reasons why the ECHR can hardly be called an objective court for a country that is not a member of the EU.RESEARCH RESULTS. The authors believe that the unenforceability of ECHR judgements is only part of the problem of enforcing binding decisions of international organizations. According to the authors, it is necessary to determine the fundamental foundations of Russia’s participation in international organizations that can make decisions legally binding for our country, and to limit their circle to the participants of the integration association with Russia, organizations of strategic partners, as well as organizations in which Russia can influence the adoption decisions. The principles of Russia’s participation in international organizations that make legally binding decisions should be included in the Federal Law “On International Treaties of the Russian Federation”.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The subordination of Russia to the jurisdiction of an interstate human rights body must meet a number of conditions that the ECHR does not meet. Because of this, problems arise with the implementation by Russia of the decisions of the ECHR. The authors share the point of view that the ECHR is an effective mechanism for the protection of rights and freedoms, but only for a group of states – European integration participants bound by common interests, values, and coordinated foreign and domestic policies. Therefore Russia needs to return to the rules of cooperation in the field of human rights with European states, set out in the Helsinki Final Act on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

Penolakan Indonesia dalam Meratifikasi Konvensi UNESCO Tahun 2001 tentang Perlindungan Cagar Budaya Bawah Air

The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage houses countries that have a vision and mission to protect underwater relics. By emphasizing the aspects of cooperation based on notification and reporting, this convention normatively measures the implementation of programs that depend on the capabilities of its member countries as a regime for archaeological relics preservation that sank on the seabed. Until now the Indonesian government has not ratified the convention and even tends to reject it. In fact, Indonesia as an archipelagic country has the responsibility to preserve the legacy of underwater cultural heritage in its sea area. This article analyzes the strategic decision of the Indonesian government to delay ratifying the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. The theory of state participation in international organizations suggests that a convention requires commitment from the parties involved to solve global problems. Ratification is needed by the state to be bound by the convention to achieve national interests. In the end the decision not to join the convention was due to its impact which did not provide benefits for the state.

Threats or Opportunities? Chinese “Proto-Elite” Perceptions of their Regional Neighbours

ABSTRACT Realists perceive China’s rise as a threat to the international order. Liberals see China’s increased participation in international organisations as examples of greater integration in the global order. Both sets of analyses frequently overlook the opinions of the Chinese public or conflate them with those of the state. To better understand how the Chinese people, particularly those among the elite, perceive the international order we conducted a large-scale survey among China’s “proto-elite” youths concerning their views of the international order. Our findings suggest that the current dichotomy between realist and liberal scholars is too simplistic. The respondents to the survey demonstrated aspects of both positions – supporting co-operation with the neighbouring states yet, simultaneously, considering most of the same neighbours as threatening to Chinese interests. Given the increasing presence of Chinese people seeking to have an impact on the country’s foreign affairs and the way the state seems to episodically permit such societal voices to infuse foreign policy issues, it is argued that a deeper analysis of this complex array of views is essential for a more complete understanding of the domestic context to China’s rise.